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Thangtong Gyalpo (, 1385–1464 or 1361–1485〔Barbara Gerke, (LLong Lives and Untimely Deaths: Life-Span Concepts and Longevity Practices among Tibetans in the Darjeeling Hills, India ), BRILL, 2011 ISBN 9004217037, p. 230〕) also known as Chakzampa "Iron Chain Maker" () and Tsöndrü Zangpo "Excellent Persistence" () was a great Buddhist adept, a yogi, physician, blacksmith, architect, and a pioneering civil engineer. He is considered a reincarnation of Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen and founded the Iron Chain lineage of the Shangpa Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Thangtong Gyalpo is said to have built 58 iron chain suspension bridges around Tibet and Bhutan, several of which are still in use today. He also designed and built several large stupas of unusual design including the great Kumbum at Chung Riwoche, Tibet; established Gonchen Monastery in Derge; and is considered to be the father of lhamo. He is associated with the Shangpa Kagyu, Nyingma and Sakya traditions of Tibetan Buddhism and the tradition of "mad yogis" known as nyönpa. ==Biography== Thangtong Gyalpo was born at Ölpa Lhartse in upper Tsang (modern Ngamring County) in 1385 (wood ox year, sixth cycle).〔'.〕 Thangtong Gyalpo is best known for his founding of lhamo or Tibetan opera as well as the numerous iron suspension bridges he built to ease travel and pilgrimage though the Himalayas. He established a song and dance troupe of seven sisters to raise the money needed to build these bridges.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Derge, the home of Tibetan Sutras )〕〔''Tibet''. (2005) 6th Edition, p. 26. Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-523-8.〕 Thangtong Gyalpo also founded Gonchen Monastery, a large Sakya vihara and printing centre in the town of Derge, Kham (modern Sichuan, China).〔''Tibet''. (2005) 6th Edition, p. 256. Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-523-8.〕 Thangtong Gyalpo opened the route through the land of the Kongpo aborigines (the Lhoba people), where he obtained iron for his bridges and rights of passage for Tibetan pilgrims to visit the holy places in Tsari to the southeast of Dakpo near the Indian border.〔''Tibetan Civilization'', pp. 79–80. R. A. Stein. (1972) Stanford University Press. Cloth ISBN 0-8047-0806-1; Paper ISBN 0-8047-0901-7.〕 He is also considered to be the patron saint of theatre and became known as "the madman of the empty land" (). Plays traditionally have an altar erected in the middle of the stage surrounded by trees, where the "god of drama", Thangtong Gyalpo, is worshiped as an elderly man with a white beard.〔''Tibetan Civilization'', pp. 276–277. R. A. Stein. (1972) Stanford University Press. Cloth ISBN 0-8047-0806-1; Paper ISBN 0-8047-0901-7.〕 He is said to have made 108 iron-chain suspension bridges (though another account says 58 suspension bridges and 118 ferry-crossings),〔''The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History'', Vol. I, p. 803. Dudjom Rinpoche and Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje. Translated and edited by Gyurme Dorje with the collaboration of Matthew Kapstein. (1991). Wisdom Publications, Boston. ISBN 0-86171-087-8.〕 the most celebrated being the one over the over the Yarlung Tsanpo near modern Chushul (Qüxü). He is often shown in murals with long white hair and holding some chain links from his bridges.〔 〕〔''Tibet''. (2005) 6th Edition, p. 26. Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-523-8.〕 One of his iron chain suspension bridges, Chakzam Bridge, about 65 km from Lhasa, at Yarlung Tsangpo River, still existed in 1948, though it was in need of repairs and no longer used, the crossing being made by ferry. The old bridge was destroyed when a new one was opened about a hundred metres west of it. The old bridge was described as being of ancient design: "two thick chains are tied to heavy wooden beams underneath the pillars, from the top of which are suspended 12-foot (4 m) ropes hung from the chains and support wooden boards a yard (1 m) long and a foot (30 cm) broad, allowing passage for one man. The bridge is a hundred paces long." At the south end of the Tsangpo bridge was Thangtong Gyalpo's main gompa, Chaksam Chuwo Ri and he lived in the Chaksam Labrang, the main building of the complex which included the assembly hall. The gompa had a hundred monks supported by the toll on the bridge. There was also a large stupa known as "Tangtong's Kumbum" at the southern end of the bridge which contained his relics, and a chapel at the top contained an image of him. Dowman reports that "all evidence of its existence has now vanished".〔''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', pp. 136–137. Keith Dowman. (1988) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London & New York. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thang Tong Gyalpo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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